When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with some planning, you can help your child balance schoolwork with hospital stays.

Some birth defects are minor and cause no problems. Others can be serious and require lifelong treatment.

There are many camp choices for kids with special needs. From highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound.

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It affects the heart, facial features, and skin.

Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.

Kids love their siblings. Often, those who have a brother or sister with special needs want to help. Here's how to help them feel loved and secure about their place in the family.

If you have a school-age child with cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.

If your child has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.

If your teen has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to determine what programs and services might be needed as your teen nears adulthood.

Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated disease. It's a physical condition that also can also affect a person emotionally.

Deciding to enroll your child in a clinical study will depend on its potential benefits and risks, as well as your child's particular illness. Learn more.

Heart defects happen when there's a problem with a baby's heart development during pregnancy. Most heart defects can be treated during infancy.

Costello syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects multiple organ systems. It causes causes problems that affect a child's heart, muscles, bones, skin, brain, and spinal cord.

Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.

Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.

These steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.

Finding that perfect person to care for your child can be a challenge. These resources can help.

You might have more on your plate than most parents, but it doesn't mean you have to do it all alone. Here's how to ask for help and avoid caregiver burnout.

Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.

If your child has a birth defect, you don't have to go it alone - many people and resources are available to help you.

It can be hard to know if kids are well enough to go to school or childcare. Here are some guidelines.

Legius syndrome is a rare genetic condition. Kids who have it have multiple café-au-lait spots on their skin and might be slower to walk, talk, and reach other milestones than most kids.

When kids need intensive health care after they're discharged from the hospital, family and caregivers should learn about the devices, equipment, and support they'll need.

Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.

Occupational therapy can help improve kids' cognitive, physical, and motor skills and build their self-esteem and sense of accomplishment.

Palliative care provides physical, emotional, and spiritual support to sick children and their families.

Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness, disease, or disability. Learn more about PT.

Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.

RASopathies are a group of genetic conditions caused by problems in the RAS pathway, which is one way cells in the body communicate.

Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare condition in which the body can't break down certain carbohydrates (sugars) in the blood, leading to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.

Working with a certified speech-language pathologist can help a child with speech or language difficulties.

Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. It's usually detected before a baby is born and treated right away.

Learn what a NICU visit will be like for your little one, what you can do to help, and how to find support for yourself.

It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put many doctor visits on hold. But kids should see their doctors for well-child visits and other care. Here's what parents should know.

Health screening tests are routine tests that check for problems before signs show up. When problems are found early, the care is often simpler and may work better.

Just as professional sports stars need medical care to keep them playing their best, so do student athletes. That's why it's important to make sure that kids and teens get a sports physical.

Help your teen or young adult make the transition from pediatric health care to adult health care. Get tips on finding a new doctor and getting health insurance.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the first month.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the first birthday.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing by 18 months.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by age 10.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your child is 11.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your child is 12.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your teen is 13.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your teen is 14.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing by 15 months.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 15.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 16.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 17.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 18.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 19.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the second month.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the second year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your toddler might be doing at this age.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 20.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve when your son or daughter is 21.

Find out what this doctor's checkup will involve a few days after your baby is born.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the third year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by the fourth month.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the fourth year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the fifth year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by 6 months.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the sixth year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the seventh year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the eighth year.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your baby might be doing by 9 months old.

Find out what this doctor's visit will involve and what your child might be doing by the ninth year.

Find out what this doctor's checkup will involve after your baby arrives.

These age-specific guides can help you be prepared for and keep track of your well-child visits.

When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with some planning, you can help your child balance schoolwork with hospital stays.

A biobank is a special lab that stores samples donated by patients. Scientists use them to study what causes a sickness or disease and to find treatments.

Where you choose to give birth is an important decision. Is a hospital or a birth center right for you? Knowing the facts can help you make your decision.

Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.

Along with considering baby names and buying a crib, choosing the right health care provider should be on your to-do list when you're expecting.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put many doctor visits on hold. But kids should see their doctors for well-child visits and other care. Here's what parents should know.

Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.

Making sure you and your child’s doctor understand each other is key to a helpful health care visit. If English isn’t your first or preferred language, here's how to do that.

Knowing what to expect when you need to take your child to the emergency room can help make it a little less stressful.

An adolescent medicine specialist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats physical and emotional health concerns of kids and teens.

An allergist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats asthma, allergies, or immune system conditions.

An anesthesiologist is a doctor who oversees the medicine given to patients to prevent pain during medical procedures.

An audiologist is a health care professional who studies and treats hearing and balance problems.

Behavioral health is medical care that helps manage emotions and behaviors. The main health care providers who work in behavioral health are psychologists and psychiatrists.

A cardiologist is a doctor who a doctor who studies, diagnoses, and treats medical problems that affect the heart and blood vessels.

A cardiac (or cardiothoracic) surgeon is a doctor who does surgery to treat problems that affect the heart and chest.

Child Life refers to care that helps kids and their families overcome challenging events and cope with stress during medical experiences, especially kids who are hospitalized.

A dentist is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, and treats mouth and teeth conditions, and also helps people maintain good oral care.

A dermatologist is a doctor who helps people take care of their skin, hair, and nails, and diagnoses and treats problems when they do happen.

An endocrinologist is a doctor who studies and treats diseases and conditions that affect growth, development, puberty, and energy levels.

A gastroenterologist is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, and treats diseases and conditions that affect the stomach and intestines.

A geneticist is a doctor who specializes in the study of genetics and family traits.

A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in blood diseases, bleeding disorders, and cancers such as hemophilia, sickle cell disease, leukemia, and lymphoma. They’re trained in hematology and oncology.

A hematologist-oncologist is a doctor who specializes in blood diseases, bleeding disorders, and cancers such as hemophilia, sickle cell disease, leukemia, and lymphoma. They’re trained in hematology and oncology.

An interventional radiologist is a doctor who’s specially trained to analyze and interpret diagnostic images. They also use special tools to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures.

A neonatologist is a doctor who cares for newborns who were born prematurely or have complex medical needs.

A nephrologist is a doctor who cares for people with diseases and conditions that affect the kidneys.

A neurologist is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, and treats diseases and conditions that affect the brain.

A neurosurgeon is a doctor who does procedures to treat and cure diseases and conditions that affect the brain and nervous system.

Nurses provide much of the day-to-day care in hospitals, doing vital jobs like giving medicine and educating patients about self-care. Many kinds of nurses provide varying levels of care.

Obstetrics & gynecology is the branch of medicine that treats conditions and problems related to female reproductive health.

Occupational therapists (OTs) help patients with injuries, illnesses, or disabilities. They help them develop, regain, and improve skills needed for daily working and living.

An oncologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats different types of cancer.

An ophthalmologist is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, prevents, and treats diseases and conditions that affect the eyes.

An optometrist is a doctor who examines eyes for problems, prescribes contact lenses and glasses and eye exercises, and diagnoses and treats eye diseases. They provide many of the same services as ophthalmologists, but they don't perform surgery.

An orthopedist, or orthopedic surgeon, studies, diagnoses, and treats conditions that affect muscles, joints, and bones, such as infections, sports injuries, broken bones, and joint problems.

An otolaryngologist, often called an ENT, is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, prevents, and treats diseases and conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.

A pathologist is a doctor who examines and interprets laboratory samples to find the causes of conditions, diseases, and sometimes deaths.

A pediatrician is a doctor who diagnoses and treats children’s health conditions and concerns, including physical, behavior, developmental, and mental health issues.

Physical therapists are movement experts who help people with prescribed exercises, hands-on care, and patient education.

Physician assistants (PA) work together with doctors to give medical care. They do much of the patient care that doctors do.

A plastic surgeon is a doctor who does surgery to repair, rebuild, or replace a part of the body to improve how it looks and works. This can involve the skin, musculoskeletal system, craniomaxillofacial (head and face) structures, hand, extremities, breast and trunk, and other areas of the body.

A pulmonologist is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, prevents, and treats lung and airway problems. Many are also trained in critical care medicine.

A radiologist is a doctor who views, analyzes, and interprets medical images. They consult with the patient’s primary doctor or specialist doctor about their findings.

A registered dietitian works with patients and families to give dietary support, create nutrition plans, talk about healthy lifestyle choices, and manage many conditions.

A rheumatologist is a doctor who treats diseases of joints, muscle, bones, and tendons that can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. They also treat autoimmune diseases.

Social workers are mental health providers. They’re trained to evaluate and address each family’s unique emotional and social needs.

There are many different types of health care providers. Check out our overview of who they are and what they do.

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) — also called speech therapists — are licensed professionals who diagnose and treat disorders that affect speech and interfere with communication. Speech therapists can work in schools, hospitals, or specialty clinics.

A urologist, sometimes called a urologic surgeon, is a doctor who studies, diagnoses, and treats problems that affect the urinary tract, kidneys, and genitourinary system.

Finding coverage for your kids may be hard, but it's not impossible. Many kids are eligible for government or community programs, even if their parents work. Learn what resources are available to your family.

The government's healthcare marketplace, or exchange, is the new way to shop for health insurance. But just how do you find the best coverage and sign up? Get answers here.

An intravenous line (IV) is a soft, flexible tube placed inside a vein, usually in the hand or arm. Doctors use them to give a person medicine or fluids.

Regular visits help your teen's doctor keep track of changes in physical, mental, and social development. The doctor can also help your teen understand the importance of choosing a healthy lifestyle.

Regular well-child exams are essential to keeping kids healthy and up-to-date with immunizations against dangerous diseases. Here's what to expect at the doctor's office.

Regular well-child exams are an important part of keeping kids healthy and up to date on immunizations against serious diseases. Find out what to expect at the doctor's office.

Regular well-child exams are essential to keep kids healthy and up-to-date with immunizations. Find out what to expect at the doctor's office.

When kids know they're "going to the doctor," many become worried about the visit. Here's how to help them.

Most teens with diabetes should switch to an adult health care provider when they're between 18 and 21 years old. Here's how parents can help them get ready in the years leading up to the switch.

Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.

School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.

If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?

Building a relationship with your child's doctor requires communication and reasonable expectations.

Telehealth is changing health care. Find out how things like video doctor visits can benefit you and your family.

If you use a patient portal or smartphone app to access your family’s health care information, you'll see that notes from the health care provider are now available.

Interventional radiology (IR) is a way for doctors to treat problems like vascular anomalies and tumors.

Find out how a video visit works and what you need to do to get ready.

You might be surprised to learn that not all physicians have the letters MD after their names. Some have the letters DO (doctor of osteopathy).

What are nurse practitioners, and how do they differ from medical doctors?

PCPs are health care providers that offer routine checkups, vaccines, and non-emergency medical care. Learn more about PCPs and how to choose a great one.

Should you head to the ER when your child is hurt or ill? What about an urgent care center? Different problems need different levels of care, and you have many options.

Help your teen or young adult make the transition from pediatric health care to adult health care. Get tips on finding a new doctor and getting health insurance.

It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

Acupuncture is the practice of putting tiny needles into specific spots of the body for medical therapy. Scientific evidence shows that it works for some kinds of medical conditions by stimulating the body to release natural pain killers and other chemicals.

Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.

Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after your child gets anesthesia.

Complementary and alternative medicine are types of medicine and healing that differ from conventional medicine. They include things like mind–body therapies, nutritional therapies, body-based therapies, and whole medicine systems.

Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.

These steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.

Finding coverage for your kids may be hard, but it's not impossible. Many kids are eligible for government or community programs, even if their parents work. Learn what resources are available to your family.

The government's healthcare marketplace, or exchange, is the new way to shop for health insurance. But just how do you find the best coverage and sign up? Get answers here.

School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.

Sedation is the use of medicines to help someone relax and not feel pain during a medical procedure.

A medical record is a history of someone’s health. Most hospitals and doctor’s offices use electronic health records.

It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

It's safe for kids to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine.

The immune protection from the COVID-19 vaccine can fade over time. A booster shot is now recommended for everyone age 12 and older. Here's why.

As COVID-19 vaccines become available, here are some questions many parents have.

Getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is the best way to prevent the spread of the virus and protect families from serious illness. Watch this video to learn about how the vaccines work.

Children 6 months old to 5 years old now can get vaccinated against COVID-19. Here's what parents should know.

Find out what the experts have to say.

Find out what the experts have to say.

Vaccines help keep kids healthy, but many parents still have questions about them. Get answers here.

Children with cochlear implants have a higher risk than other kids of getting some types of bacterial meningitis. Vaccines can help protect them.

Find out what the experts have to say.

Immunizations protect kids from many dangerous diseases. Find out what vaccines your child needs to grow up healthy.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why kids need to get the flu vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get these vaccines.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine.

An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.

A blood transfusion is a safe and relatively simple medical procedure that replaces blood lost during surgery or because of an injury or illness.

This minimally invasive procedure helps doctors perform diagnostic tests on the heart and even treat some heart conditions.

Cardiac stents are very small mesh wire tubes that hold blood vessels open so that blood can flow through the vessels normally. Find out about the procedure to place a stent.

Casts keep bones and other tissues in place while they heal. Here's what to expect, and how to care for casts.

A central line, or central venous catheter, is much longer than a regular IV. Doctors use them to give medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition to patients.

Many babies are delivered via cesarean sections. Learn why and how C-sections are done.

Dialysis is a medical treatment that can take over the job of cleaning the blood when the kidneys can't.

Embolization is a procedure in which plugging material or a plugging object is put into a blood vessel to block it. It's used to help treat many conditions.

Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.

External fixators used for limb lengthening have pins that go through the skin and into the bone. It's important to know how to care for the pins at home to prevent infections.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.

Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.

Blood tests help doctors check how the body’s organs are working and see if medical treatments are helpful. Here's how they're done.

An X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to make an image of bones, organs, and other parts of the body. Here's how they're done.

Hemodialysis is a medical treatment that uses a machine with a special filter to take waste and extra water out of the blood.

An implanted port is a type of central line that goes up to a vein near the heart or just inside the heart. A child can get medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition through one.

Find out why doctors may induce labor if you're past your due date, how it may be done, and how it may affect you and your baby.

An intravenous line (IV) is a soft, flexible tube placed inside a vein, usually in the hand or arm. Doctors use them to give a person medicine or fluids.

Laryngoscopy, a visual exam of the voicebox and airway, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, throat or ear pain, and other bothersome symptoms.

Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an external fixator.

Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an internal lengthening device (a rod with a magnet).

The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.

An NG tube goes through the nose, down the throat, and into the stomach to deliver formula or medicine.

For some digestive system problems, surgeons do a procedure called an ostomy that lets waste leave the body through a small opening in the skin of the belly.

The Nuss procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus excavatum. It’s considered "minimally invasive" because only a few small cuts are needed.

A PICC line is like an IV line, but is much longer and can stay in place for longer periods.

This medical treatment helps people with kidney failure. It can be done at home, often overnight, to take over the kidneys' job of filtering blood.

Laryngoscopy is when a doctor uses a special camera to look down the throat to see the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords.

Watch a short video to learn what a double barrel ostomy is and how it works.

Watch a short video to learn what an end ostomy is and how it works.

Watch a short video to learn what a loop ostomy is and how it works.

Radioembolization is a procedure used to treat some kinds of liver tumors. A radioactive material works on the tumor, not the healthy tissue around it.

Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.

A Rigo Cheneau brace is a type of spine brace for scoliosis. Used with physical therapy, it can improve a child’s posture.

Sclerotherapy is a procedure in which medicine is injected into blood vessels or lymph vessels to make them close. It's used to treat vascular malformations.

Skull base surgery is done to remove tumors and other growths that appear at the bottom of the skull.

A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.

Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) is a tube inserted through the abdomen that delivers nutrition directly to the stomach. Read this article to find out more about the gastrostomy procedure.

Retinopathy of prematurity, which mostly occurs in premature babies, is a disease that causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Sometimes surgery is needed to prevent vision loss or blindness.

Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. The earlier they're discovered, the less likely it is that infection will result or surgery will be necessary.

The Ravitch procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum.

A tracheostomy is a surgically made opening in the front of the neck that goes directly into the airway. This keeps the pathway open so air can go through a tube, into the airway, and to the lungs.

These surgically placed tubes let kids get blood drawn and receive intravenous (IV) medicines and fluids without repeated needle sticks.

Tympanoplasty is a surgery to repair a hole in the eardrum that doesn’t close on its own. It can improve hearing and prevent water from getting into the middle ear.

A ureteral stent is a small plastic tube placed inside the ureter to help pee pass from a kidney into the bladder.

Vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) therapy is a treatment for epilepsy. It helps prevent or shorten the length of seizures.

A VP shunt is a small plastic tube that helps drain extra cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. Most VP shunts are placed to treat hydrocephalus.

Interventional radiology (IR) is a way for doctors to treat problems like vascular anomalies and tumors.

If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.

An arthrogram is a test done to look inside a joint for injuries or other problems.

A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells are made.

An auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is a safe and painless test that gives health care providers information about possible hearing loss.

Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.

A biobank is a special lab that stores samples donated by patients. Scientists use them to study what causes a sickness or disease and to find treatments.

Doctors order biopsies to examine tissue or cells when they're concerned about a problem such as an infection, inflammation, or cancer.

A blood culture is a test that looks for germs (such as bacteria or fungi) in the blood.

The 17-hydroxyprogesterone test is mainly used to check for the most common form of the genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in infants and children.

An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver disease.

This blood test can check for some kinds of allergies.

An amylase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.

An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver problems.

A basic metabolic panel (BMP), commonly ordered as part of routine medical exam, is a set of blood tests that gives information about sugar (glucose) and calcium levels, kidney function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.

Doctors may order bilirubin blood tests for infants or older kids if they see signs of the skin taking on the yellow discoloration known as jaundice.

A C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

A C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test is used to identify inflammation or infection in the body.

The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) blood test helps evaluate kidney and liver function, sugar (glucose) and protein levels in the blood, and electrolyte and fluid balance.

Doctors may order a DHEA-S test if boys or girls show signs of sexual development earlier than expected. It can rule out certain diseases of the testes or ovaries, or help diagnose damage or disease of the pituitary gland.

An erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR) detects inflammation that may be caused by infection and some autoimmune diseases.

Estradiol is the most important form of the hormone estrogen. Doctors may order an estradiol test if a girl appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected, or to evaluate menstrual problems.

Doctors order the factor IX activity test to help diagnose or monitor the treatment of hemophilia B.

A factor VIII activity blood test enables doctors to evaluate the functioning of a protein that helps blood to clot.

Doctors may order a ferritin test when they suspect kids have too little or too much iron in their bodies.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays an important role in sexual development. An FSH test to measure the level of FSH in the bloodstream may be done if a boy or girl appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected.

Testing for GGT helps doctors look for problems with the liver or bile ducts.

The blood glucose test, which measures the amount of sugar in the blood, may be done as part of a routine physical or to help diagnose diabetes.

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isn't feeling well.

Doctors use a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to determine if your child's diabetes management plan needs to be adjusted.

A hemoglobin electrophoresis can help diagnose diseases involving abnormal hemoglobin production, and often is performed as part of newborn screening tests.

Liver function tests can help doctors see if the liver has been damaged. They also can help diagnose infections and monitor medications that can cause liver-related side effects.

The main reason doctors order the IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) test is to see if a person is producing a normal amount of human growth hormone.

Checking IgA levels can help doctors diagnose problems with the immune system, intestines, and kidneys. It's also used to check autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease.

The immunoglobulin E (IgE) blood test is often done as part of an initial screen for allergies. High IgE levels also may indicate a parasitic infection.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies in the blood) can give doctors important information about the immune system, especially relating to infection or autoimmune disease.

This test is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production.

Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. The LDH test is generally used to screen for tissue damage.

In babies and young kids whose brains are still developing, even a small amount of lead can cause learning disabilities and behavioral problems. A lead test can determine the amount of lead in the blood.

A lipase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.

Results from a lipid panel enable your doctor to evaluate the levels of different kinds of fats in your child's blood.

A luteinizing hormone (LH) test measures the level of this hormone in the bloodstream. LH plays an important role in sexual development.

Doctors do this test to assess blood levels of magnesium, which helps the muscles and nerves function, the heart maintain normal rhythm, the bones stay strong, and the body process energy and make proteins.

A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test is used to evaluate blood's ability to clot. It may be done as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.

Doctors may order a phosphorus blood test to help diagnose or monitor kidney disorders, calcium and bone problems, or other conditions.

A prolactin test can help diagnose prolactinoma, a usually benign tumor of the pituitary gland, irregular menstrual periods, thyroid or adrenal gland dysfunction, and other problems.

Doctors may order a PT test as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.

This test measures the rate at which reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) are made in the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. A reticulocyte count can provide information about a child's anemia.

A somatomedin C test usually is ordered to check for pituitary gland disorder and abnormalities in growth hormones production.

Doctors may order the T3 resin uptake when a child's symptoms or previous blood tests seem to suggest thyroid dysfunction.

The T3 total test is part of an evaluation of thyroid function. It's particularly useful in diagnosing hyperthyroidism, which can cause symptoms such as a fast heart rate, weight loss, trembling and sweating.

Doctors may order the T4 blood test if symptoms suggest any kind of thyroid disorder.

A testosterone blood test may be done if a boy appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected, or to check for damage or disease of the testes or ovaries, adrenal glands, or pituitary glands.

The thyroglobulin antibodies test is used to help diagnose autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, or when thyroid disorders are suspected.

The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is primarily used to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease.

Doctors may order TSH blood tests to diagnose and monitor treatment of a thyroid disorder or evaluate pituitary gland functioning.

The tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTg-IgA) test is usually done to help doctors diagnose celiac disease.

Doctors may order this test if they suspect high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Some kids with leukemia or other types of cancer can have high levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia).

Doctors may order a blood test for valproic acid, an anticonvulsant drug prescribed mainly to prevent seizures, to monitor how well the liver is processing the medication.

A von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity - ristocetin cofactor test lets doctors evaluate the functioning of a protein that helps blood to clot.

Doctors order the vWF antigen test to help diagnose or monitor the treatment of von Willebrand disease.

Two kinds of tests can see if someone is infected with coronavirus: molecular tests (such as PCR) and antigen tests. Find out how they differ and which might be best for you or your family.

Antibody testing for coronavirus (COVID-19) involves taking a small blood sample to check for antibodies that the body may have made to fight the virus.

As coronavirus spreads in communities, parents might wonder if their family should get tested. Here's how health care providers test for it.

People might want to get tested for coronavirus for different reasons. Here is what viral testing involves.

An abdominal CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and adrenal glands, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.

A chest CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of a patient's lungs, heart, blood vessels, airway passages, ribs, and lymph nodes.

A CT scan of the head uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of the brain, skull, and sinuses, as well as blood vessels in the head.

A neck CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to make images of the soft tissues and organs of the neck, including the muscles, throat, tonsils, adenoids, airways, thyroid, and other glands.

A CT scan, also called a CAT scan, is a type of imaging test. It uses computers and a rotating X-ray machine to take cross-sectional pictures of the body.

Is your child scheduled to have a sweat test? Find out how this test is performed and how it's used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.

Kids with cystic fibrosis (CF) often get lung and airway infections. A sputum CF respiratory screen or culture helps doctors detect, identify, and treat infection-causing bacteria or fungi.

Is your child scheduled to have an ECG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.

An echocardiogram (also called an echo or cardiac ultrasound) uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart. It shows the structure of the heart and its parts and how well they’re working.

Is your child scheduled to have an EEG? Find out how this test is done and when you can expect the results.

Is your child scheduled to have an EMG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.

A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby's heart.

Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (also called a fetal MRI) uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed pictures of an unborn baby.

Genetic counseling is a way for people to understand how genetic illnesses can affect them and their family.

Advances in genetic testing help doctors diagnose and treat certain illnesses. The type of test done depends on which condition a doctor checks for.

Blood tests help doctors check how the body’s organs are working and see if medical treatments are helpful. Here's how they're done.

CT scans give doctors more detailed images than X-rays can provide. Here's what it's like to get one of these tests.

An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a safe and painless test that uses magnets and radio waves to make detailed pictures of the body's organs, muscles, soft tissues, and structures. Here's what to expect.

An ultrasound scan is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create live images from the inside the body. Here's what to know if your child is getting this test.

Health screening tests are routine tests that check for problems before signs show up. When problems are found early, the care is often simpler and may work better.

Hearing problems can be overcome if they're caught early, so it's important to get your child's hearing screened early and checked regularly.

Find out what the experts have to say.

A joint aspiration (arthrocentesis) involves withdrawing (aspirating) a sample of fluid from a joint using a needle and syringe.

A nasopharyngoscopy is an exam doctors do to view the back of the throat.

Newborn screening tests look for health conditions that aren't apparent at birth. Find out which tests are done.

A PET/MRI scan is an imaging test that combines PET and MRI in one session. It creates very detailed pictures of the inside of the body.

In amniocentesis, doctors take a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds a baby to check for signs of problems such as chromosomal disorders, genetic problems, and neural tube defects

A chorionic villus sampling (CVS) checks cells from the placenta for chromosomal abnormalities. Most women whose pregnancies are not high-risk don't need this test.

A contraction stress test measures the fetal heart rate to ensure that a baby can handle contractions during labor.

The first trimester screening (or first trimester screen) includes a blood test and an ultrasound exam. It's done to see if a fetus is at risk for a chromosomal abnormality or birth defect.

Glucose screenings check for gestational diabetes, a short-term form of diabetes that some women develop during pregnancy.

The multiple marker test is a blood test done to screen for neural tube defects and chromosomal disorders.

This test checks to see if the baby responds normally to stimulation and is getting enough oxygen. It's done to check on the health of the fetus in a high-risk pregnancy or when the due date has passed.

This quick test examines fetal blood directly from the umbilical cord. It's used to detect disorders in the fetus.

A prenatal ultrasound is a safe and painless test that shows a baby's shape and position. It can be done in the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy.

Every parent-to-be hopes for a healthy baby, but it can be hard not to worry. Find out what tests can keep you informed of your health — and your baby's — throughout pregnancy.

Find out what tests may be offered to you during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Find out what tests may be offered to you during weeks 13 through 26 of pregnancy.

Find out what tests may be offered to you during weeks 27 through 40 of pregnancy.

Pulse oximetry, a simple test that measures the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, may give the first clue that there is a heart or lung problem.

A nasopharyngoscopy is a quick procedure that uses a special camera to help a doctor look at the back of the throat.

A sleep study (or polysomnogram) helps doctors diagnose sleep problems. It is an overnight test that can record a variety of body functions while a child sleeps.

A spinal cord injury is when the spinal cord gets cut, bruised, stretched, or poked. It can change the way the body moves, feels, and functions.

Find out how and why doctors perform lumbar punctures (spinal taps).

Spirometry measures how much and how quickly someone breathes in and out. It can help diagnose and monitor diseases that make it hard to breathe.

A stool culture helps doctors determine if there's a bacterial infection in the intestines.

A doctor may request a Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) toxin stool test if your child has taken antibiotics in the past month or so and has had diarrhea for several days.

Stool samples can provide information about a problem in the GI system. To test the stool for the presence of blood, a noninvasive test - the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) - is performed.

This test may be done if a child has watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, large amounts of intestinal gas, appetite loss, and nausea or vomiting.

A doctor may request an H. pylori antigen stool test if your child has symptoms that indicate a peptic ulcer, such as indigestion, abdominal pain, a full or bloated feeling, nausea, frequent belching, or vomiting.

This exam may be done if your child has diarrhea for an extended period, blood or mucus in the stool, abdominal pain, nausea, headaches, or fever.

Your child's doctor may order a stool collection test to check for blood, bacteria, ova, or parasites. Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.

A rapid strep test is done to help quickly determine whether a sore throat is caused by a strep infection vs. other germs (usually viruses) that don't require antibiotic treatment.

Is your child having a strep test or a throat culture? Find out how these swab tests are performed.

Laryngoscopy, a visual examination below the back of the throat, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, pain in the throat or ear, difficulty in swallowing, narrowing of the throat, blockages in the airway, and vocal cord problems.

The body's lymphatic system keeps fluid levels in balance and defends against infections. But problems can happen. Learn about lymphatic conditions and how they're treated.

The Schroth Method is a type of physical therapy. Its exercises help people with scoliosis or kyphosis have better posture.

Blood tests help doctors check how the body’s organs — such as the kidneys, liver, and thyroid, and heart — are working, and see if medical treatments are helpful. Here are some that kids might get.

Doctors order abdominal ultrasounds when they're concerned about symptoms such as belly pain, repeated vomiting, abnormal liver or kidney function tests, or a swollen belly.

Doctors order bladder ultrasounds when there's a concern about bladder problems, such as difficulty urinating or daytime wetting.

Doctors order head ultrasounds when there's a concern about neurological problems in an infant.

Doctors order a hip ultrasound when they suspect a problem called developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

A pelvic ultrasound can detect tumors or cysts and help diagnose pelvic pain, some urinary problems, or abnormal menstrual bleeding.

A renal ultrasound makes images of your child's kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Doctors may order this test if they suspect kidney damage, cysts, tumors, kidney stones, or complications from urinary tract infections.

Doctors order a scrotal ultrasound when they're concerned about symptoms such as scrotal pain or swelling.

A transcranial Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow (blood circulation) in and around the brain. Doctors order this test to check blood vessels when a problem is affecting blood flow to the brain.

An ultrasound scan is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create live images from the inside the body. Here are some types of ultrasounds often done.

This test can show if certain substances are found at high concentrations in the urine, and might be causing kidney stones.

Automated dipstick urinalysis results may point to a urinary tract infection (UTI) or injury, kidney disease, or diabetes.

A urine calcium test can help monitor or determine the cause of kidney stones and other kidney diseases, or detect overactivity or underactivity in the parathyroid glands.

Low levels of creatinine in the urine may point to a kidney disease, certain muscular and neuromuscular disorders, or an obstruction of the urinary tract.

A urine dipstick test is often done as part of an overall urinalysis. The results of this test can help doctors diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.

The microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio test is most commonly used to screen for kidney problems in teens with diabetes. It may also be used to monitor kidney function in kids and teens who have a kidney disease.

A microscopic urinalysis can help detect a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney problems, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.

The urine protein test is most commonly used to screen for kidney disease and also can help monitor kidney function.

A urine culture is used to diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) and determine what kinds of germs are causing it.

Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are performed, and what to expect when the doctor orders them.

A VCUG can help evaluate the bladder's size and shape, and look for problems, such as a blockage. It can also show whether pee is moving in the right direction.

Gene therapy carries the promise of cures for many diseases and for types of medical treatment most of us would not have thought possible.

Find out what the experts have to say.

Doctors order wound drainage cultures when they suspect wounds are infected.

An abdominal X-ray can help find the cause of problems such as pain, kidney stones, intestinal blockage, a hole in the intestine, or an abdominal mass such as a tumor.

An ankle X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, and swelling, or deformity of the ankle joint. It can also detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

A bone age study can help evaluate how a child's skeleton is maturing, which can help doctors diagnose conditions that delay or accelerate growth.

This X-ray can, among other things, help find the cause of neck, shoulder, upper back, or arm pain. It's commonly done after someone has been in an automobile or other accident.

A chest X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of a person's chest, including the heart, lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes, upper spine, ribs, collarbone, and breastbone.

An elbow X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, or a deformity. It can also help to detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

Doctors may order a finger X-ray to find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, or swelling, or to detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

A foot X-ray can help doctors find the cause pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformities. It also can detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

A forearm X-ray can help doctors find the causes of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity. It can detect broken bones, and after a broken bone has been set, see if it has healed properly.

A hand X-ray can help doctors find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, and deformity. It also can detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

A hip X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as limping, pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity in the hip area. It can detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

A knee X-ray can help find the causes of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the knee, and detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

Some kids may have significant differences in the length of their legs, a condition known as leg length discrepancy. This X-ray exam can help doctors see the exact difference in leg length so they can decide on a treatment.

An X-ray of the tibia and fibula can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the lower leg. It can detect broken bones, and after a broken bone has been set, help see if it has healed well.

A neck X-ray can help doctors diagnose many conditions, including stridor, croup, hoarseness due to swelling in or near the airways, and problems with tonsils and adenoids.

A pelvis X-ray can help find the cause pain, swelling, or deformity in the pelvic, hip, or upper leg regions, and can detect broken bones.

Kids with scoliosis have a spine that curves, like an S or a C. If scoliosis is suspected, a doctor may order X-rays to measure the curvature of the spine.

An upper arm X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the upper arm. It can detect a broken bone, and after the bone has been set, show if it has healed well.

An upper GI X-ray can help find the cause of swallowing problems, unexplained vomiting, abdominal discomfort, severe indigestion, ulcers, reflux, hiatal hernia, or blockages.

A femur X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, limp, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the upper leg. It can detect a broken bone, and after a broken bone has been set, it can help determine whether the bone is in alignment.

A wrist X-ray is a safe and painless test that can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, or show deformities of the wrist joint. It can also detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

An X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to make an image of bones, organs, and other parts of the body.

It's important for kids to have their eyes examined regularly, as many vision problems and eye diseases can be detected and treated early.

The idea of going to the gynecologist may make your daughter feel nervous. Here's how to make her feel more comfortable about a well-woman visit.

Acupuncture is the practice of putting tiny needles into specific spots of the body for medical therapy. Scientific evidence shows that it works for some kinds of medical conditions by stimulating the body to release natural pain killers and other chemicals.

Medicine doesn’t cure ADHD. But it does help boost a child's ability to pay attention, slow down, and have more self-control. This article for parents has details on how ADHD medicines help.

Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.

Vaccines protect kids from potentially deadly diseases. Learn about what they are, how they work, and what they do.

Complementary and alternative medicine are types of medicine and healing that differ from conventional medicine. They include things like mind–body therapies, nutritional therapies, body-based therapies, and whole medicine systems.

Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.

Epidurals can make giving birth more calm, controlled, and comfortable. Find out more.

If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.

Sometimes, if someone with diabetes has very low blood sugar, they need a dose of glucagon to get their blood sugar back to a healthy range.

Nebulizers are often used with young children because they require little effort on the child's part. But kids do need to stay in one place and cooperate. If you're having trouble giving treatments, this article is for you!

What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain and fever medicine.

What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain medicine.

Hydroxyurea is a medicine that can help kids and teens who have sickle cell disease. Find out how it works.

Before giving an insulin injection, know the basics so you can set up and do it safely and with confidence.

Whether your child is taking insulin or pills (or both) to control diabetes, it's important to learn how diabetes medicines work.

Giving kids medicine safely can be complicated. Here's how you can help treat your child's illness while you prevent dangerous reactions.

MIBG is a molecule that doctors combine with low-dose radioactive iodine to look for neuroblastoma. Given with higher-dose radioactive iodine, it can treat this cancer.

Pharmacogenomics, or pharmacogenetics, is the study of how our genes affect our response to some, but not all, medicines.

Precision medicine is a new way to treat and prevent illnesses. It uses the differences in a person's genes, environment, and lifestyle to customize care.

PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is when someone takes medicines every day to lower his or her chances of getting HIV.

Reye syndrome is an extremely rare but serious illness. Cases have dropped greatly since the finding of a link between the illness and aspirin use in kids and teens.

Some people with diabetes need to take insulin to help keep their blood sugars in a healthy range.

If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?

Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.

Taking antibiotics too often or for the wrong reason has led to a dangerous rise in bacteria that no longer respond to medicine. Find out what you can do to prevent antibiotic overuse.

An insulin pump is a wearable device that some people with diabetes use to get insulin, instead of getting it from an injection.

Many stores and pharmacies are struggling to keep children’s cold and flu medicines in stock. Here are some ways parents can handle the current shortage.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (also called DiGeorge Syndrome) is a genetic condition that can cause a variety of physical and behavioral problems.

Enlarged adenoids are normal some kids, but others need surgery. Often, tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time.

Anotia is when a baby’s ear doesn’t form normally, so the baby is born with the outer part of their ear missing.

An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.

An atrioventricular canal defect (AV canal) is a heart problem in which the center of a baby's heart does not form normally before birth.

Aural atresia is a condition that happens before birth in which a baby’s ear canal doesn’t form. It causes hearing loss, but treatments can help most children hear better.

Basilar invagination is when the top of the spine pushes up into the base of the skull. It causes pinching and pressing on the brain stem.

You have an important decision to make before you take your newborn son home: whether to circumcise him. Before deciding, talk to your doctor and consider the issues.

A cleft lip is when a baby's lip doesn't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids can have surgery to repair one early in life.

A cleft palate is when a baby is born with a cleft (gap) in the roof of the mouth. Most kids can have surgery to repair them early in life.

A cleft palate with a cleft lip is when a baby's lip and palate (roof of mouth) don't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids with cleft lip and palate are treated successfully with no lasting problems.

Cochlear implants can help many kids with severe hearing loss. Find out how they work and who can get them.

Heart failure is when the heart can’t pump blood the way it should. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is when blood backs up in the heart.

Many kids get middle ear infections (otitis media). Doctors may suggest ear tube surgery for those with multiple infections or a hearing loss or speech delay.

An epigastric hernia is when part of the intestines pushes through the abdominal muscles between the belly button and the chest. Many are small, cause no symptoms, and don't need treatment.

When symptoms of heartburn or acid indigestion happen a lot, it could be gastroesophageal reflux (GER). And it can be a problem for kids - even newborns.

Halo-gravity traction is a way to pull the head and spine upward. Doctors use it to treat curvature of the spine and to prepare kids for spinal fusion surgery.

Hernias are fairly common in kids, and hernia repair is one of the most common pediatric surgeries.

An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines pushes through an opening in the lower part of the abdomen. Doctors fix these hernias with surgery.

Intussusception is the most common cause of bowel blockages in very young children. Quick treatment can help them recover without lasting problems.

Levo-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA) is when the positions of the heart's ventricles are reversed. Some people with the condition never need treatment. Others are treated with medicines and surgery.

Microtia is when the outside part of the ear smaller than normal and, sometimes, misshapen. Children with microtia usually have normal hearing. If needed, treatments can reshape the ear.

Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done without the use of a large incision (cut).

The muscle that makes up the heart is called the myocardium. Myocarditis is when this muscle gets inflamed (swollen).

A baby born with an omphalocele has an opening where the umbilical cord goes into the belly. Some openings close on their own, but many need treatment, including surgery.

A cleft is when tissues of the mouth or lip don't form properly when a baby is developing in the womb. The good news is that orofacial clefts are treatable.

An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines slips into the groin (where the belly meets the upper leg) instead of staying in the belly as it should. Doctors fix inguinal (IN-gwuh-nul) hernias with surgery.

Short bowel syndrome happens when the small intestine is too short to fully absorb nutrients as it should. Kids with the condition often need to get nutrition through a special IV into a vein.

A sinonasal tumor is a growth in the nose, the space behind the nose, or in the sinuses. The tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).

Splenic sequestration is when too many blood cells get stuck in the spleen. This medical emergency can happen to people, usually kids, who have sickle cell disease.

Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.

Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. Sometimes surgery is done to treat them.

The body's lymphatic system keeps fluid levels in balance and defends against infections. But problems can happen. Learn about lymphatic conditions and how they're treated.

A tonsillectomy is surgery to remove the tonsils. It's one of the most common surgeries kids and teens get. Find out more.

An umbilical hernia shows up as a bump under the belly button. If a hernia doesn't go away by age 4 or 5 or causes problems, doctors may recommend surgery.

Shortly before birth, a boy's testicles usually descend into the scrotum. When a testicle doesn't make the move, this is called cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles.

A ventricular assist device is a mechanical pump that takes over for the heart and pumps blood. This can give a weak or injured heart time to heal or support someone as they wait for a heart transplant.

Find out what the experts have to say.

If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.

Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after your child gets anesthesia.

Find out what the experts say.

Elective surgery means you and the doctor decide when the it will happen. Many elective surgeries are important, potentially life-changing operations. Here's how to plan for them.

Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.

Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.

If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.

Kids who will be having surgery may feel stressed about it. Here's how parents can help them.

Laryngoscopy, a visual exam of the voicebox and airway, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, throat or ear pain, and other bothersome symptoms.

The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.

Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done without the use of a large incision (cut).

Learn how to prevent surgical site infections both before and after your child's surgery.

An appendectomy is surgery to remove the appendix. Surgeons remove the appendix when it gets blocked and becomes infected. A laparoscopic appendectomy lets surgeons remove the appendix with the help of a tiny video camera called a laparoscope.

A cochlear implant is a surgically placed device that helps a person with severe hearing loss hear sounds. Doctors consider cochlear implants for children under 12 months of age with profound hearing loss in both ears. Older children with serious hearing loss also may get cochlear implants.

A doctor might suggest ear tube surgery if a child gets many ear infections that don't clear up easily or the ear infections seem to be causing hearing loss or speech delay. Ear tube surgery can drain fluid from the middle ear, prevent future infections, and help the child hear properly again.

Laryngoscopy is when a doctor uses a special camera to look down the throat to see the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords.

Gastroschisis is when a baby is born with the intestines, and sometimes other organs, sticking out through a hole in the belly wall near the umbilical cord. A gastroschisis silo allow the intestines to slowly move into the belly.

An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines slips into the groin (where the belly meets the upper leg) instead of staying in the belly as it should. Doctors fix inguinal (IN-gwuh-nul) hernias with surgery.

Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. If your child has a blocked tear duct, your doctor may show you how to massage the eye several times a day at home for a few months. Massaging can help open the blockage.

Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.

Sedation is the use of medicines to help someone relax and not feel pain during a medical procedure.

A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.

A splenectomy is surgery to remove an injured spleen.

Find out what the experts have to say.

If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

How well a wound heals depends on where it is on the body and what caused it. Good home care is an important part of healing.