Lymphoma (lim-FOE-muh) is a type of cancer that develops in the white blood cells of the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. These systems work together to remove bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances from the body.
The lymphatic system includes:
There are several different types of lymphomas. They’re grouped together based on which blood cells they affect:
Lymphoma may cause enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) anywhere in the body. Often, it shows up in neck, above the collarbone, in the underarm area, or groin.
If cancer is in the chest, pressure from any swelling can cause a cough, trouble breathing or swallowing, or swelling of the face and neck. If cancer is in the belly, pain or swelling can happen there.
Some kids can also have fatigue (tiredness), poor appetite, or itchy skin. Fever, night sweats, and weight loss are also common.
Lymphoma usually is caused by a change in the genes of growing blood cells. In most cases, doctors aren’t sure why this happens.
Lymphoma is more common in kids who have:
To check for lymphoma, doctors look for swollen lymph nodes; breathing problems; or swelling in the belly, face, hands, or feet.
Sometimes, when a child has an enlarged lymph node with no known cause, the doctor will watch the node closely to see if it shrinks or grows. If it stays enlarged or gets bigger, the next step is a biopsy to check in a lab for cancer cells. Doctors can do:
Biopsies also can check for lymphomas that might involve the bone marrow, chest, or belly.
If lymphoma is found, other tests can tell the type of lymphoma and whether it has spread (metastasized). These tests may include:
The test results will help doctors decide which treatments to use.
A pediatric oncologist (a doctor who specializes in childhood cancer) will lead the medical team caring for a child with lymphoma. The oncologist works with other specialists, including nurses, social workers, psychologists, and surgeons.
Treatment of childhood lymphoma is based on staging. Staging is a way to see if the disease has spread and, if it has, how much.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for childhood lymphoma. This uses medicines to stop the growth of cancer cells. The dosages and drugs used may differ based on a child's age and the type of lymphoma.
Doctors also might use:
Remission is when doctors see no cancer cells in the body. Childhood lymphomas can have very high remission rates, with some up to 90%. Most kids and teens are cured of the disease. This means that they're in permanent remission.
Having a child being treated for cancer can feel overwhelming for any family. But you're not alone. To find support, talk to anyone on the care team or a hospital social worker. Many resources are available to help you and your child.
You also can find more information and support online at:
Reviewed by: Jonathan L. Powell, MD
Date Reviewed: Feb 2, 2022
