Wilms tumor is a type of kidney cancer. It can affect both kidneys, but usually develops in just one. With treatment, Wilms tumor is curable in most children.
Children with Wilms tumor (also known as nephroblastoma) usually have a swelling or bump in their belly. Often, there are no other symptoms. But some children may also have:
Most of the time, Wilms tumor is caused by a gene change (mutation). The gene change causes the kidney cells to develop into a tumor. Doctors don’t know why these gene changes happen.
Wilms tumor usually happens in kids who are otherwise healthy. But some kinds of genetic syndromes make children more likely to get it. These include:
Children with these syndromes need to have frequent ultrasounds until they are at least 8 years old to check for Wilms tumor.
Wilms tumor is sometimes diagnosed after a parent notices a smooth lump in their child’s belly. Doctors do an exam and order tests such as:
A child with a higher risk for Wilms tumor may be diagnosed if a regularly scheduled ultrasound shows a tumor.
Pediatric oncologists (cancer doctors for kids) and surgeons work together to treat Wilms tumor. Most children have part or all of their kidney removed (a partial or complete nephrectomy) and chemotherapy. Some children also need radiation therapy. Chemotherapy and/or radiation can be done:
If your child has Wilms tumor, it can be a stressful time. Every child is different, but most children recover from Wilms tumor and go on to live a long, healthy life.
To find support, talk to your doctor, a hospital social worker, a counselor, or a Child Life specialist. Many resources are available to help your child and the whole family.
You also can find more information and support online at:
Reviewed by: Amy W. Anzilotti, MD
Date Reviewed: Nov 5, 2022
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