Skip to main content
Go to homepage

Doctors & Hospitals

  • Balancing Schoolwork and Hospital Stays

    When your child has a serious or chronic illness, it's hard to think beyond the next treatment. But with some planning, you can help your child balance schoolwork with hospital stays.

  • Birth Defects

    Some birth defects are minor and cause no problems. Others can be serious and require lifelong treatment.

  • Camps for Kids With Special Needs

    There are many camp choices for kids with special needs. From highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound.

  • Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) Syndrome

    Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It affects the heart, facial features, and skin.

  • Caring for a Seriously Ill Child

    Taking care of a chronically ill child is one of the most draining and difficult tasks a parent can face. But support groups, social workers, and family friends often can help.

  • Caring for Siblings of Kids With Disabilities

    Kids love their siblings. Often, those who have a brother or sister with special needs want to help. Here's how to help them feel loved and secure about their place in the family.

  • Caring for Your Child With Cerebral Palsy (CP): Ages 6–12

    If you have a school-age child with cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.

  • Caring for Your Child With Cerebral Palsy (CP): Birth to Age 5

    If your child has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to find out what programs and services may be available to you.

  • Caring for Your Teen With Cerebral Palsy (CP): Age 13 and Up

    If your teen has cerebral palsy, there's a lot to know. This checklist makes it easy to determine what programs and services might be needed as your teen nears adulthood.

  • Chemotherapy

    Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.

  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

    Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated disease. It's a physical condition that also can also affect a person emotionally.

  • Clinical Trials

    Deciding to enroll your child in a clinical study will depend on its potential benefits and risks, as well as your child's particular illness. Learn more.

  • Congenital Heart Defects

    Heart defects happen when there's a problem with a baby's heart development during pregnancy. Most heart defects can be treated during infancy.

  • Costello Syndrome

    Costello syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects multiple organ systems. It causes causes problems that affect a child's heart, muscles, bones, skin, brain, and spinal cord.

  • Diabetes: When to Call the Doctor

    Caring for a child with diabetes includes knowing when to get medical help. Learn more about when to call the doctor.

  • Does My Child Need an Antibiotic? (Video)

    Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.

  • Electronic Health Records

    Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.

  • Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

    Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.

  • Financial Planning for Kids With Disabilities

    These steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.

  • Finding Respite Care

    Finding that perfect person to care for your child can be a challenge. These resources can help.

  • Getting Support When Your Child Has Special Health Care Needs

    You might have more on your plate than most parents, but it doesn't mean you have to do it all alone. Here's how to ask for help and avoid caregiver burnout.

  • Getting Teens Involved in Their Health Care

    Involving teens in their health care can help prepare them for managing it on their own as adults.

  • If Your Baby Has a Birth Defect

    If your child has a birth defect, you don't have to go it alone - many people and resources are available to help you.

  • Is My Child Too Sick to Go to School?

    It can be hard to know if kids are well enough to go to school or childcare. Here are some guidelines.

  • Legius Syndrome

    Legius syndrome is a rare genetic condition. Kids who have it have multiple café-au-lait spots on their skin and might be slower to walk, talk, and reach other milestones than most kids.

  • Managing Home Health Care

    When kids need intensive health care after they're discharged from the hospital, family and caregivers should learn about the devices, equipment, and support they'll need.

  • Neurocutaneous Syndromes

    Neurocutaneous syndromes are genetic disorders that lead to tumor growth in various parts of the body. Learn how to maximize the quality of life for children with these diseases.

  • Neurofibromatosis Type 1

    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes benign tumors in and under the skin, often with bone, hormone, and other problems. Learn more about how it's diagnosed and treated.

  • Occupational Therapy

    Occupational therapy can help improve kids' cognitive, physical, and motor skills and build their self-esteem and sense of accomplishment.

  • Palliative Care

    Palliative care provides physical, emotional, and spiritual support to sick children and their families.

  • Physical Therapy

    Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured or have movement problems from an illness, disease, or disability. Learn more about PT.

  • Radiation Therapy

    Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X-ray therapy, is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.

  • RASopathies

    RASopathies are a group of genetic conditions caused by problems in the RAS pathway, which is one way cells in the body communicate.

  • Relaxation Techniques for Kids With Serious Illness

    Help ease your child's pain and anxiety with these exercises, complete with step-by-step instructions.

  • Sanfilippo Syndrome

    Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare condition in which the body can't break down certain carbohydrates (sugars) in the blood, leading to serious problems in the brain and nervous system.

  • Speech-Language Therapy

    Working with a certified speech-language pathologist can help a child with speech or language difficulties.

  • Spina Bifida

    Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. It's usually detected before a baby is born and treated right away.

  • When Your Baby's in the NICU

    Learn what a NICU visit will be like for your little one, what you can do to help, and how to find support for yourself.

  • When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

    It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

  • Words to Know: Transplants

    Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.

  • Electronic Health Records

    Many health institutions digitally store their patients' health information. Learn about electronic health records (EHRs) and how they can improve health care.

  • Financial Planning for Kids With Disabilities

    These steps can help take the anxiety and worry out of your child's financial future and make sure that your child will be taken care of even after you're gone.

  • How to Find Affordable Health Care

    Your kids could be eligible for health care coverage right now and you might not know it. Here are some options that may be available to your family.

  • How to Shop for Health Insurance

    The government's healthcare marketplace, or exchange, is the new way to shop for health insurance. But just how do you find the best coverage and sign up? Get answers here.

  • School-Based Health Centers

    School-based health centers provide a range of services to meet kids' and teens' health care needs. Centers usually are inside a school building or right next door.

  • What Is a Medical Record?

    A medical record is a history of someone’s health. Most hospitals and doctor’s offices use electronic health records.

  • When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

    It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

  • Antegrade Continence Enema (ACE)

    An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.

  • Appendectomy

    Learn the basics of an appendectomy so you know what to expect if your child has this surgery.

  • Blood Transfusions

    A blood transfusion is a safe and relatively simple medical procedure that replaces blood lost during surgery or because of an injury or illness.

  • Cardiac Catheterization

    Cardiac catheterization helps doctors perform diagnostic tests on the heart and even treat some heart conditions.

  • Cardiac Stents

    Cardiac stents are very small mesh wire tubes that hold blood vessels open so that blood can flow through the vessels normally. Find out about the procedure to place a stent.

  • Casts

    Casts keep bones and other tissues in place while they heal. Here's what to expect, and how to care for casts.

  • Central Lines (Central Venous Catheters)

    A central line, or central venous catheter, is much longer than a regular IV. Doctors use them to give medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition to patients.

  • Cesarean Sections (C-Sections)

    Many babies are delivered via cesarean sections. Learn why and how C-sections are done.

  • Dialysis

    Dialysis is a medical treatment that can take over the job of cleaning the blood when the kidneys can't.

  • Embolization

    Embolization is a procedure in which plugging material or a plugging object is put into a blood vessel to block it. It's used to help treat many conditions.

  • Epilepsy Surgery

    Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.

  • External Fixator: Pin Care

    External fixators used for limb lengthening have pins that go through the skin and into the bone. It's important to know how to care for the pins at home to prevent infections.

  • Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

    Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of a machine to do the work that the heart and lungs normally do.

  • Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube)

    Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.

  • Getting a Blood Test

    Blood tests help doctors check how the body’s organs are working and see if medical treatments are helpful. Here's how they're done.

  • Getting an X-Ray

    An X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to make an image of bones, organs, and other parts of the body. Here's how they're done.

  • Hemodialysis

    Hemodialysis is a medical treatment that uses a machine with a special filter to take waste and extra water out of the blood.

  • Implanted Ports

    An implanted port is a type of central line that goes up to a vein near the heart or just inside the heart. A child can get medicine, fluids, blood, or nutrition through one.

  • Inducing Labor

    Find out why doctors may induce labor if you're past your due date, how it may be done, and how it may affect you and your baby.

  • Intravenous Line (IV)

    An intravenous line (IV) is a soft, flexible tube placed inside a vein, usually in the hand or arm. Doctors use them to give a person medicine or fluids.

  • Laryngoscopy

    Laryngoscopy, a visual exam of the voicebox and airway, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, throat or ear pain, and other bothersome symptoms.

  • Limb Lengthening Surgery: External Fixator

    Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an external fixator.

  • Limb Lengthening Surgery: Internal Lengthening Device

    Limb lengthening surgery is done when someone has a leg length discrepancy (one leg is shorter than the other). Sometimes this is treated with an internal lengthening device (a rod with a magnet).

  • Liver Transplant

    If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

  • Meatoplasty

    The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.

  • Nasogastric Tube (NG Tube)

    An NG tube goes through the nose, down the throat, and into the stomach to deliver formula or medicine.

  • Ostomies

    For some digestive system problems, surgeons do a procedure called an ostomy that lets waste leave the body through a small opening in the skin of the belly.

  • Pectus Excavatum: The Nuss Procedure

    The Nuss procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus excavatum. It’s considered "minimally invasive" because only a few small cuts are needed.

  • Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC Line)

    A PICC line is like an IV line, but is much longer and can stay in place for longer periods.

  • Peritoneal Dialysis

    This medical treatment helps people with kidney failure. It can be done at home, often overnight, to take over the kidneys' job of filtering blood.

  • Radioembolization (TARE-Y90) for Liver Tumors

    Radioembolization is a procedure used to treat some kinds of liver tumors. A radioactive material works on the tumor, not the healthy tissue around it.

  • Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

    Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.

  • Rigo Cheneau Brace

    A Rigo Cheneau brace is a type of spine brace for scoliosis. Used with physical therapy, it can improve a child’s posture.

  • Sclerotherapy

    Sclerotherapy is a procedure in which medicine is injected into blood vessels or lymph vessels to make them close. It's used to treat vascular malformations.

  • Skull Base Surgery

    Skull base surgery is done to remove tumors and other growths that appear at the bottom of the skull.

  • Spinal Fusion Surgery

    A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.

  • Surgeries and Procedures: Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube)

    Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) is a tube inserted through the abdomen that delivers nutrition directly to the stomach. Read this article to find out more about the gastrostomy procedure.

  • Surgeries and Procedures: Retinopathy of Prematurity

    Retinopathy of prematurity, which mostly occurs in premature babies, is a disease that causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Sometimes surgery is needed to prevent vision loss or blindness.

  • Tear-Duct Blockage

    Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. The earlier they're discovered, the less likely it is that infection will result or surgery will be necessary.

  • The Ravitch Procedure

    The Ravitch procedure is a surgery to correct severe pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum.

  • Tracheostomy

    A tracheostomy is a surgically made opening in the front of the neck that goes directly into the airway. This keeps the pathway open so air can go through a tube, into the airway, and to the lungs.

  • Tunneled Central Lines

    These surgically placed tubes let kids get blood drawn and receive intravenous (IV) medicines and fluids without repeated needle sticks.

  • Tympanoplasty

    Tympanoplasty is a surgery to repair a hole in the eardrum that doesn’t close on its own. It can improve hearing and prevent water from getting into the middle ear.

  • Ureteral Stent

    A ureteral stent is a small plastic tube placed inside the ureter to help pee pass from a kidney into the bladder.

  • Vagus Nerve Stimulator Therapy for Epilepsy

    Vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) therapy is a treatment for epilepsy. It helps prevent or shorten the length of seizures.

  • VP Shunts

    A VP shunt is a small plastic tube that helps drain extra cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. Most VP shunts are placed to treat hydrocephalus.

  • What Is a Cardiac Catheterization? (Video)

    A cardiac catheterization is a procedure that cardiologists (heart doctors) do. They put a catheter (a long, thin tube) into a blood vessel, then guide it the heart. Cardiac catheterizations help doctors diagnose and treat many different heart problems.

  • What Is Indocyanine Green (ICG)?

    Indocyanine green (ICG) is a medical dye doctors use to find and help treat problems in certain parts of the body.

  • What Is Interventional Radiology (IR)?

    Interventional radiology (IR) is a way for doctors to treat problems like vascular anomalies and tumors.

  • What's a Double Barrel Ostomy? (Video)

    Watch a short video to learn what a double barrel ostomy is and how it works.

  • What's a Laryngoscopy? (Video)

    Laryngoscopy is when a doctor uses a special camera to look down the throat to see the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords.

  • What's a Loop Ostomy? (Video)

    Watch a short video to learn what a loop ostomy is and how it works.

  • What's an End Ostomy? (Video)

    Watch a short video to learn what an end ostomy is and how it works.

  • Words to Know: Transplants

    Easy-to-understand definitions of some key transplant terms.

  • Arthrocentesis (Joint Aspiration)

    Arthrocentesis (joint aspiratio) involves withdrawing (aspirating) a sample of fluid from a joint using a needle and syringe.

  • Arthrogram

    An arthrogram is a test done to look inside a joint for injuries or other problems.

  • Aspiration and Biopsy: Bone Marrow

    A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are performed to examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the bone where blood cells are made.

  • Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Test

    An auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is a safe and painless test that gives health care providers information about possible hearing loss.

  • Basic Blood Chemistry Tests

    Doctors order basic blood chemistry tests to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.

  • Biobanks

    A biobank is a special lab that stores samples donated by patients. Scientists use them to study what causes a sickness or disease and to find treatments.

  • Biopsies

    Doctors order biopsies to examine tissue or cells when they're concerned about a problem such as an infection, inflammation, or cancer.

  • Blood Culture

    A blood culture is a test that looks for germs (such as bacteria or fungi) in the blood.

  • Blood Test: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone

    The 17-hydroxyprogesterone test is mainly used to check for the most common form of the genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in infants and children.

  • Blood Test: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, or SGPT)

    An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver disease.

  • Blood Test: Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

    This blood test can check for some kinds of allergies.

  • Blood Test: Amylase

    An amylase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.

  • Blood Test: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, or SGOT)

    An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver problems.

  • Blood Test: Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

    A basic metabolic panel (BMP), commonly ordered as part of routine medical exam, is a set of blood tests that gives information about sugar (glucose) and calcium levels, kidney function, and electrolyte and fluid balance.

  • Blood Test: Bilirubin

    Doctors may order bilirubin blood tests for infants or older kids if they see signs of jaundice.

  • Blood Test: C-Peptide

    A C-peptide test can help doctors tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also can help find the cause of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

  • Blood Test: C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

    A C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test is used to identify inflammation or infection in the body.

  • Blood Test: Complete Blood Count

    The complete blood count (CBC) is the most common blood test. It analyzes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

  • Blood Test: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

    A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) blood test helps evaluate kidney and liver function, sugar (glucose) and protein levels in the blood, and electrolyte and fluid balance.

  • Blood Test: Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulfate (DHEA-S)

    Doctors may order a DHEA-S test if a child shows signs of sexual development earlier than expected. It can rule out certain diseases of the testes or ovaries, or help diagnose damage or disease of the pituitary gland.

  • Blood Test: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

    An erythrocyte sedimentation rate test (ESR) detects inflammation that may be caused by infection and some autoimmune diseases.

  • Blood Test: Estradiol

    Estradiol is the most important form of the hormone estrogen. Doctors may order an estradiol test if puberty seems to be starting earlier or later than expected, or to evaluate menstrual problems.

  • Blood Test: Factor IX Activity

    Doctors order the factor IX activity test to help diagnose or monitor the treatment of hemophilia B.

  • Blood Test: Factor VIII Activity

    A factor VIII activity blood test enables doctors to evaluate the functioning of a protein that helps blood to clot.

  • Blood Test: Ferritin (Iron)

    Doctors may order a ferritin test when they suspect kids have too little or too much iron in their bodies.

  • Blood Test: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

    Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays an important role in sexual development. An FSH test to measure the level of FSH in the bloodstream may be done if puberty seems to be starting earlier or later than expected.

  • Blood Test: Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)

    A GGT blood test helps doctors look for problems with the liver or bile ducts.

  • Blood Test: Glucose

    The blood glucose test, which measures the amount of sugar in the blood, may be done as part of a routine physical or to help diagnose diabetes.

  • Blood Test: Hemoglobin

    Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isn't feeling well.

  • Blood Test: Hemoglobin A1c

    Doctors use a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to determine if your child's diabetes management plan needs to be adjusted.

  • Blood Test: Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

    A hemoglobin electrophoresis can help diagnose diseases involving abnormal hemoglobin production, and often is performed as part of newborn screening tests.

  • Blood Test: Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel

    A hepatic function panel is a blood test that helps doctors check for liver injury, infection, or disease. It also can check for side effects in the liver from some medicines.

  • Blood Test: IGF Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3)

    The main reason doctors order the IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) test is to see if a person is producing a normal amount of human growth hormone.

  • Blood Test: Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

    Checking IgA levels can help doctors diagnose problems with the immune system, intestines, and kidneys. It's also used to check autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease.

  • Blood Test: Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

    The immunoglobulin E (IgE) blood test is often done as part of an initial screen for allergies. High IgE levels also may indicate a parasitic infection.

  • Blood Test: Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM)

    Immunoglobulins (antibodies in the blood) can give doctors important information about the immune system, especially relating to infection or autoimmune disease.

  • Blood Test: Insulin

    This test is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production.

  • Blood Test: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

    Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. The LDH test is generally used to screen for tissue damage.

  • Blood Test: Lead

    In babies and young kids whose brains are still developing, even a small amount of lead can cause learning disabilities and behavioral problems. A lead test can determine the amount of lead in the blood.

  • Blood Test: Lipase

    A lipase test may be done if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.

  • Blood Test: Lipid Panel

    Results from a lipid panel enable your doctor to evaluate the levels of different kinds of fats in the blood.

  • Blood Test: Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

    A luteinizing hormone (LH) test measures the level of this hormone in the bloodstream. LH plays an important role in sexual development.

  • Blood Test: Magnesium

    Doctors do this test to assess blood levels of magnesium, which helps the muscles and nerves function, the heart maintain normal rhythm, the bones stay strong, and the body process energy and make proteins.

  • Blood Test: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

    A partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test is used to evaluate blood's ability to clot. It may be done as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.

  • Blood Test: Phosphorus

    Doctors may order a phosphorus blood test to help diagnose or monitor kidney disorders, calcium and bone problems, or other conditions.

  • Blood Test: Prolactin

    A prolactin test can help diagnose prolactinoma, a usually benign tumor of the pituitary gland, irregular menstrual periods, thyroid or adrenal gland dysfunction, and other problems.

  • Blood Test: Prothrombin Time (PT)

    Doctors may order a PT test as part of an evaluation for a bleeding disorder or to monitor the effects of blood-thinning medicine.

  • Blood Test: Reticulocyte Count

    This test measures the rate at which reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) are made in the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. A reticulocyte count can provide information about a child's anemia.

  • Blood Test: Somatomedin C (IGF-1)

    A somatomedin C test usually is ordered to check for pituitary gland disorder and problems with growth hormones production.

  • Blood Test: T3 Resin Uptake (T3RU)

    Doctors may order the T3 resin uptake when a child's symptoms or previous blood tests seem to suggest thyroid dysfunction.

  • Blood Test: T3 Total (Triiodothyronine)

    The T3 total test is part of an evaluation of thyroid function. It's particularly useful in diagnosing hyperthyroidism, which can cause symptoms such as a fast heart rate, weight loss, trembling and sweating.

  • Blood Test: T4 (Thyroxine)

    Doctors may order the T4 blood test if a person has symptoms that suggest any kind of thyroid disorder.

  • Blood Test: Testosterone

    A testosterone blood test may be done if a child seems to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected, or to check for damage or disease of the testes or ovaries, adrenal glands, or pituitary glands.

  • Blood Test: Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb)

    Doctors do thyroglobulin antibodies tests to help diagnose autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, or when they suspect a thyroid disorder.

  • Blood Test: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies

    The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test can help doctors diagnose and monitor autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease.

  • Blood Test: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

    Doctors may order TSH blood tests to diagnose and monitor treatment of a thyroid disorder or see how the pituitary gland is working.

  • Blood Test: Tissue Transglutaminase IgA (tTg-IgA)

    The tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTg-IgA) test is usually done to help doctors diagnose celiac disease.

  • Blood Test: Uric Acid

    Doctors may order this test if they suspect high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Some kids with leukemia or other types of cancer can have high levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia).

  • Blood Test: Valproic Acid

    Doctors may order a blood test for valproic acid, an anticonvulsant drug prescribed mainly to prevent seizures, to see how the liver is processing the medicine.

  • Blood Test: von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Activity - Ristocetin Cofactor

    A von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity - ristocetin cofactor test lets doctors evaluate the functioning of a protein that helps blood to clot.

  • Blood Test: von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Antigen

    Doctors order the vWF antigen test to help diagnose or monitor the treatment of von Willebrand disease.

  • Collecting a Stool Sample for Testing

    Stool tests often require a parent to collect a sample of their child’s poop at home. Here's how to do it.

  • COVID-19 Tests: Which One Is Best?

    Two kinds of tests can see if someone is infected with COVID-19: molecular tests (such as PCR) and antigen tests. Find out how they differ and which might be best for you or your family.

  • COVID-19: Antibody Testing

    Antibody testing for COVID-19 involves taking a small blood sample to check for antibodies that the body may have made to fight the virus.

  • COVID-19: Getting Tested

    As coronavirus spreads in communities, parents might wonder if their family should get tested. Here's how health care providers test for it.

  • COVID-19: Viral Testing

    People might want to get tested for COVID-19 for different reasons. Here is what viral testing involves.

  • CT (CAT) Scan: Abdomen

    An abdominal CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and adrenal glands, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.

  • CT (CAT) Scan: Chest

    A chest CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of a patient's lungs, heart, blood vessels, airway passages, ribs, and lymph nodes.

  • CT (CAT) Scan: Head

    A CT scan of the head uses a special X-ray machine to take pictures of the brain, skull, and sinuses, as well as blood vessels in the head.

  • CT (CAT) Scan: Neck

    A neck CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to make images of the soft tissues and organs of the neck, including the muscles, throat, tonsils, adenoids, airways, thyroid, and other glands.

  • CT (CAT) Scans

    A CT scan, also called a CAT scan, is a type of imaging test. It uses computers and a rotating X-ray machine to take cross-sectional pictures of the body.

  • Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Chloride Sweat Test

    Is your child scheduled to have a sweat test? Find out how this test is performed and how it's used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.

  • Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Respiratory Screen: Sputum

    Kids with cystic fibrosis (CF) often get lung and airway infections. A sputum CF respiratory screen or culture helps doctors detect, identify, and treat infection-causing bacteria or fungi.

  • ECG (Electrocardiogram)

    Is your child scheduled to have an ECG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.

  • Echocardiogram

    An echocardiogram (also called an echo or cardiac ultrasound) uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart. It shows the structure of the heart and its parts and how well they’re working.

  • EEG (Electroencephalogram)

    Is your child scheduled to have an EEG? Find out how this test is done and when you can expect the results.

  • EMG (Electromyogram)

    Is your child scheduled to have an EMG? Find out how this test is performed and when you can expect the results.

  • Fetal Echocardiogram

    A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby's heart.

  • Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Fetal MRI)

    Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (also called a fetal MRI) uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed pictures of an unborn baby.

  • Genetic Counseling

    Genetic counseling is a way for people to understand how genetic illnesses can affect them and their family.

  • Genetic Testing

    Advances in genetic testing help doctors diagnose and treat certain illnesses. The type of test done depends on which condition a doctor checks for.

  • Getting a Blood Test

    Blood tests help doctors check how the body’s organs are working and see if medical treatments are helpful. Here's how they're done.

  • Getting a CT (CAT) Scan

    CT scans give doctors more detailed images than X-rays can provide. Here's what it's like to get one of these tests.

  • Getting a Urine Test

    Testing a urine sample can help doctors find out what's going on when someone has an infection or other problem in kidneys, bladder, or other parts of the urinary tract. Here's how urine tests are done.

  • Getting an ECG (EKG or Electroencephalogram) (Video)

    An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) measures the heart's electrical activity. This can help doctors tell how the heart is working and identify any problems.

  • Getting an MRI

    An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a safe and painless test that uses magnets and radio waves to make detailed pictures of the body's organs, muscles, soft tissues, and structures. Here's what to expect.

  • Getting an Ultrasound

    An ultrasound scan is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create live images from the inside the body. Here's what to know if your child is getting this test.

  • Health Screening Tests

    Health screening tests are routine tests that check for problems before signs show up. When problems are found early, the care is often simpler and may work better.

  • Hearing Tests

    Hearing problems can be overcome if they're caught early, so it's important to get your child's hearing screened early and checked regularly.

  • How Do Doctors Test for Food Allergies?

    Find out what the experts have to say.

  • Nasopharyngoscopy

    A nasopharyngoscopy is an exam doctors do to view the back of the throat.

  • Newborn Screening Tests

    Newborn screening tests look for health conditions that aren't apparent at birth. Find out which tests are done.

  • PET/MRI Scan

    A PET/MRI scan is an imaging test that combines PET and MRI in one session. It creates very detailed pictures of the inside of the body.

  • Prenatal Test: Amniocentesis

    In amniocentesis, doctors take a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds a baby to check for signs of problems such as chromosomal disorders, genetic problems, and neural tube defects

  • Prenatal Test: Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

    A chorionic villus sampling (CVS) checks cells from the placenta for chromosomal abnormalities. Most women whose pregnancies are not high-risk don't need this test.

  • Prenatal Test: Contraction Stress Test

    A contraction stress test measures the fetal heart rate to ensure that a baby can handle contractions during labor.

  • Prenatal Test: First Trimester Screening

    The first trimester screening (or first trimester screen) includes a blood test and an ultrasound exam. It's done to see if a fetus is at risk for a chromosomal abnormality or birth defect.

  • Prenatal Test: Glucose Screening

    Glucose screenings check for gestational diabetes, a short-term form of diabetes that some women develop during pregnancy.

  • Prenatal Test: Multiple Marker Test

    The multiple marker test is a blood test done to screen for neural tube defects and chromosomal disorders.

  • Prenatal Test: Nonstress Test

    This test checks to see if the baby responds normally to stimulation and is getting enough oxygen. It's done to check on the health of the fetus in a high-risk pregnancy or when the due date has passed.

  • Prenatal Test: Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)

    This quick test examines fetal blood directly from the umbilical cord. It's used to detect disorders in the fetus.

  • Prenatal Test: Ultrasound

    A prenatal ultrasound is a safe and painless test that shows a baby's shape and position. It can be done in the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy.

  • Prenatal Tests: FAQs

    Every parent-to-be hopes for a healthy baby, but it can be hard not to worry. Find out what tests can keep you informed of your health — and your baby's — throughout pregnancy.

  • Prenatal Tests: First Trimester

    Find out what tests may be offered to you during the first trimester of pregnancy.

  • Prenatal Tests: Second Trimester

    Find out what tests may be offered to you during weeks 13 through 26 of pregnancy.

  • Prenatal Tests: Third Trimester

    Find out what tests may be offered to you during weeks 27 through 40 of pregnancy.

  • Pulse Oximetry (Pulse Ox)

    Pulse oximetry, a simple test that measures the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, may give the first clue that there is a heart or lung problem.

  • Sleep Study (Polysomnogram)

    A sleep study (or polysomnogram) helps doctors diagnose sleep problems. It is an overnight test that can record a variety of body functions while a child sleeps.

  • Spinal Cord Injuries

    A spinal cord injury is when the spinal cord gets cut, bruised, stretched, or poked. It can change the way the body moves, feels, and functions.

  • Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)

    Find out how and why doctors perform lumbar punctures (spinal taps).

  • Spirometry

    Spirometry measures how much and how quickly someone breathes in and out. It can help diagnose and monitor diseases that make it hard to breathe.

  • Stool Test: Bacteria Culture

    A stool culture helps doctors see if there's a bacterial infection in the intestines.

  • Stool Test: C. Difficile Toxin

    Doctors may order a C. difficile toxin stool test if a child has taken antibiotics in the past month or so and has had diarrhea for several days.

  • Stool Test: Fecal Blood

    The fecal occult blood test checks for blood in the stool that can’t be seen by the naked eye.

  • Stool Test: Giardia

    This test may be done if a child has watery diarrhea, belly pain, lots of intestinal gas, appetite loss, and nausea or vomiting.

  • Stool Test: H. Pylori Antigen

    Doctors may order an H. pylori antigen stool test if a child has symptoms of a peptic ulcer, such as indigestion, belly pain, a full or bloated feeling, nausea, frequent belching, or vomiting.

  • Stool Test: Ova and Parasites (O&P)

    This exam may be done if your child has diarrhea for an extended period, blood or mucus in the stool, abdominal pain, nausea, headaches, or fever.

  • Stool Tests

    Doctors may order a stool collection test to check for blood, bacteria, ova, or parasites. Find out how these tests are done and what to expect.

  • Strep Test: Rapid

    A rapid strep test is done to help quickly determine whether a sore throat is caused by a strep infection vs. other germs (usually viruses) that don't require antibiotic treatment.

  • Strep Test: Throat Culture

    Is your child having a strep test or a throat culture? Find out how these swab tests are done.

  • Surgeries and Procedures: Laryngoscopy

    Laryngoscopy, a visual examination below the back of the throat, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, pain in the throat or ear, difficulty in swallowing, narrowing of the throat, blockages in the airway, and vocal cord problems.

  • The Schroth Method of Physical Therapy

    The Schroth Method is a type of physical therapy. Its exercises help people with scoliosis or kyphosis have better posture.

  • Types of Blood Tests

    Blood tests help doctors check how the body’s organs — such as the kidneys, liver, and thyroid, and heart — are working, and see if medical treatments are helpful. Here are some that kids might get.

  • Ultrasound: Abdomen

    Doctors order abdominal ultrasounds when they're concerned about symptoms such as belly pain, repeated vomiting, abnormal liver or kidney function tests, or a swollen belly.

  • Ultrasound: Bladder

    Doctors order bladder ultrasounds when there's a concern about bladder problems, such as difficulty urinating or daytime wetting.

  • Ultrasound: Head

    Doctors order head ultrasounds when there's a concern about neurological problems in an infant.

  • Ultrasound: Infant Hip

    Doctors order a hip ultrasound when they suspect a problem called developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

  • Ultrasound: Pelvis

    A pelvic ultrasound can detect tumors or cysts and help diagnose pelvic pain, some urinary problems, or abnormal menstrual bleeding.

  • Ultrasound: Renal (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder)

    A renal ultrasound makes images of your child's kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Doctors may order this test if they suspect kidney damage, cysts, tumors, kidney stones, or complications from urinary tract infections.

  • Ultrasound: Scrotum

    Doctors order a scrotal ultrasound when they're concerned about symptoms such as scrotal pain or swelling.

  • Ultrasound: Transcranial Doppler

    A transcranial Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow (blood circulation) in and around the brain. Doctors order this test to check blood vessels when a problem is affecting blood flow to the brain.

  • Ultrasounds

    An ultrasound scan is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create live images from the inside the body. Here are some types of ultrasounds often done.

  • Urine Test: 24-Hour Analysis for Kidney Stones

    This test can show if certain substances are found at high concentrations in the urine, and might be causing kidney stones.

  • Urine Test: Automated Dipstick Urinalysis

    Automated dipstick urinalysis results may point to a urinary tract infection (UTI) or injury, kidney disease, or diabetes.

  • Urine Test: Calcium

    A urine calcium test can help monitor or determine the cause of kidney stones and other kidney diseases, or detect overactivity or underactivity in the parathyroid glands.

  • Urine Test: Creatinine

    Low levels of creatinine in the urine may point to a kidney disease, certain muscular and neuromuscular disorders, or an obstruction of the urinary tract.

  • Urine Test: Dipstick

    A urine dipstick test is often done as part of an overall urinalysis. The results of this test can help doctors diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.

  • Urine Test: Microalbumin-to-Creatinine Ratio

    The microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio test is most commonly used to screen for kidney problems in teens with diabetes. It may also be used to monitor kidney function in kids and teens who have a kidney disease.

  • Urine Test: Microscopic Urinalysis

    A microscopic urinalysis can help detect a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney problems, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury.

  • Urine Test: Protein

    The urine protein test is most commonly used to screen for kidney disease and also can help monitor kidney function.

  • Urine Test: Routine Culture

    A urine culture is used to diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) and find out what kinds of germs are causing it.

  • Urine Tests

    Is your child having a urine culture or urinalysis performed? Find out why urine tests are done and what to expect when a doctor orders one.

  • Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)

    A VCUG can help evaluate the bladder's size and shape, and look for problems, such as a blockage. It can also show whether pee is moving in the right direction.

  • What Is Gene Therapy?

    Gene therapy carries the promise of cures for many diseases and for types of medical treatment most of us would not have thought possible.

  • What Is Indocyanine Green (ICG)?

    Indocyanine green (ICG) is a medical dye doctors use to find and help treat problems in certain parts of the body.

  • What Is Informed Consent?

    Informed consent is a legal term that means a person is aware of the facts of a situation (such as a surgical procedure) before agreeing to it.

  • What Is the Apgar Score?

    The Apgar score is the very first test given to a newborn, done right after birth in the delivery or birthing room.

  • What's a Nasopharyngoscopy? (Video)

    A nasopharyngoscopy is a quick procedure that uses a special camera to help a doctor look at the back of the throat.

  • Wound Drainage Culture

    Doctors order wound drainage cultures when they suspect wounds are infected.

  • X-Ray Exam: Abdomen

    An abdominal X-ray can help find the cause of problems such as pain, kidney stones, intestinal blockage, a hole in the intestine, or an abdominal mass such as a tumor.

  • X-Ray Exam: Ankle

    An ankle X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, and swelling, or deformity of the ankle joint. It can also detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

  • X-Ray Exam: Bone Age Study

    A bone age study can help evaluate how a child's skeleton is maturing, which can help doctors diagnose conditions that delay or accelerate growth.

  • X-Ray Exam: Cervical Spine

    This X-ray can, among other things, help find the cause of neck, shoulder, upper back, or arm pain. It's commonly done after someone has been in an automobile or other accident.

  • X-Ray Exam: Chest

    A chest X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of a person's chest, including the heart, lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes, upper spine, ribs, collarbone, and breastbone.

  • X-Ray Exam: Elbow

    An elbow X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, or a deformity. It can also help to detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

  • X-Ray Exam: Finger

    Doctors may order a finger X-ray to find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, or swelling, or to detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

  • X-Ray Exam: Foot

    A foot X-ray can help doctors find the cause pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformities. It also can detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

  • X-Ray Exam: Forearm

    A forearm X-ray can help doctors find the causes of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity. It can detect broken bones, and after a broken bone has been set, see if it has healed properly.

  • X-Ray Exam: Hand

    A hand X-ray can help doctors find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, and deformity. It also can detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

  • X-Ray Exam: Hip

    A hip X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as limping, pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity in the hip area. It can detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

  • X-Ray Exam: Knee

    A knee X-ray can help find the causes of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the knee, and detect broken bones or a dislocated joint.

  • X-Ray Exam: Leg Length

    Some kids may have significant differences in the length of their legs, a condition known as leg length discrepancy. This X-ray exam can help doctors see the exact difference in leg length so they can decide on a treatment.

  • X-Ray Exam: Lower Leg (Tibia and Fibula)

    An X-ray of the tibia and fibula can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the lower leg. It can detect broken bones, and after a broken bone has been set, help see if it has healed well.

  • X-Ray Exam: Neck

    A neck X-ray can help doctors diagnose many conditions, including stridor, croup, hoarseness due to swelling in or near the airways, and problems with tonsils and adenoids.

  • X-Ray Exam: Pelvis

    A pelvis X-ray can help find the cause pain, swelling, or deformity in the pelvic, hip, or upper leg regions, and can detect broken bones.

  • X-Ray Exam: Scoliosis

    Kids with scoliosis have a spine that curves, like an S or a C. If scoliosis is suspected, a doctor may order X-rays to measure the curvature of the spine.

  • X-Ray Exam: Upper Arm (Humerus)

    An upper arm X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the upper arm. It can detect a broken bone, and after the bone has been set, show if it has healed well.

  • X-Ray Exam: Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (Upper GI)

    An upper GI X-ray can help find the cause of swallowing problems, unexplained vomiting, abdominal discomfort, severe indigestion, ulcers, reflux, hiatal hernia, or blockages.

  • X-Ray Exam: Upper Leg (Femur)

    A femur X-ray can help find the cause of symptoms such as pain, limp, tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the upper leg. It can detect a broken bone, and after a broken bone has been set, it can help determine whether the bone is in alignment.

  • X-Ray Exam: Wrist

    A wrist X-ray is a safe and painless test that can help find the cause of pain, tenderness, swelling, or show deformities of the wrist joint. It can also detect broken bones or dislocated joints.

  • X-Ray Exams

    An X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to make an image of bones, organs, and other parts of the body.

  • Your Daughter's First Gynecology Visit

    The idea of going to the gynecologist may make your daughter feel nervous. Here's how to make her feel more comfortable about a well-woman visit.

  • Acupuncture

    Acupuncture is the practice of putting tiny needles into specific spots of the body for medical therapy. Scientific evidence shows that it works for some kinds of medical conditions by stimulating the body to release natural pain killers and other chemicals.

  • ADHD Medicines

    Medicine doesn’t cure ADHD. But it does help boost a child's ability to pay attention, slow down, and have more self-control. This article for parents has details on how ADHD medicines help.

  • Anesthesia

    Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.

  • Anesthesia: What to Expect

    Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after your child gets anesthesia.

  • Chemotherapy

    Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with medicines that stop the growth of cancer cells.

  • Common Questions About Vaccines

    Vaccines protect kids from potentially deadly diseases. Learn about what they are, how they work, and what they do.

  • Complementary and Alternative Medicine

    Complementary and alternative medicine are types of medicine and healing that differ from conventional medicine. They include things like mind–body therapies, nutritional therapies, body-based therapies, and whole medicine systems.

  • Does My Child Need an Antibiotic? (Video)

    Antibiotics are powerful medicines that can help kids feel better -- but only when they have certain illnesses. Find out if an antibiotic is right for your child.

  • Epidurals

    Epidurals can make giving birth more calm, controlled, and comfortable. Find out more.

  • Giving Opioid Prescription Pain Medicine: What Parents Need to Know

    If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.

  • Glucagon and Diabetes

    Sometimes, if someone with diabetes has very low blood sugar, they need a dose of glucagon to get their blood sugar back to a healthy range.

  • Helping Kids Take Medicine

    Try these tips to get kids to take "yucky" medicines.

  • How Can I Help My Child Use a Nebulizer?

    Nebulizers are often used with young children because they require little effort on the child's part. But kids do need to stay in one place and cooperate. If you're having trouble giving treatments, this article is for you!

  • How to Safely Give Acetaminophen

    What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain and fever medicine.

  • How to Safely Give Ibuprofen

    What kind? How much? How often? Find out how to give this pain medicine.

  • How to Safely Store and Dispose of Medicines

    Part of using medicines safely is knowing how to store them and how to get rid of them after they expire or are no longer needed.

  • Hydroxyurea for People With Sickle Cell Disease

    Hydroxyurea is a medicine that can help kids and teens who have sickle cell disease. Find out how it works.

  • Insulin Injections

    Before giving an insulin injection, know the basics so you can set up and do it safely and with confidence.

  • Medicines for Diabetes

    Whether your child is taking insulin or pills (or both) to control diabetes, it's important to learn how diabetes medicines work.

  • Medicines: Using Them Safely

    Giving kids medicine safely can be complicated. Here's how you can help treat your child's illness while you prevent dangerous reactions.

  • MIBG Treatment for Neuroblastoma

    MIBG is a molecule that doctors combine with low-dose radioactive iodine to look for neuroblastoma. Given with higher-dose radioactive iodine, it can treat this cancer.

  • Penicillin Allergy

    Some people have allergic reactions to penicillin or other antibiotics in the penicillin family. Someone who is allergic to penicillin must avoid all antibiotics in the penicillin family.

  • Pharmacogenetics: How Genetic Testing Can Guide Medicine Decisions

    Pharmacogenetics, also called pharmacogenomics, is the study of how our genes affect our response to some, but not all, medicines.

  • Precision Medicine

    Precision medicine is a new way to treat and prevent illnesses. It uses the differences in a person's genes, environment, and lifestyle to customize care.

  • PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)

    PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is when someone takes medicines every day to lower his or her chances of getting HIV.

  • Reye Syndrome

    Reye syndrome is an extremely rare but serious illness. Cases have dropped greatly since the finding of a link between the illness and aspirin use in kids and teens.

  • Taking Insulin for Diabetes

    Some people with diabetes need to take insulin to help keep their blood sugars in a healthy range.

  • Talking to the Pharmacist

    If your child is sick, you'll probably have many questions to ask your doctor. But have you made a list of questions and concerns to share with your pharmacist?

  • Teaching Your Child How to Swallow Pills

    Swallowing a pill is something that many of us take for granted. But just like any skill, learning to swallow a pill takes practice.

  • The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse

    Taking antibiotics too often or for the wrong reason has led to a dangerous rise in bacteria that no longer respond to medicine. Find out what you can do to prevent antibiotic overuse.

  • What Are Nebulizers and Inhalers?

    Find out how these asthma tools help kids take their medicines.

  • What Is an Insulin Pump?

    An insulin pump is a wearable device that some people with diabetes use to get insulin, instead of getting it from an injection.

  • What Should I Do if I Can’t Find Cold & Flu Medicines for My Child?

    Many stores and pharmacies are struggling to keep children’s cold and flu medicines in stock. Here are some ways parents can handle the current shortage.

  • 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)

    22q11.2 deletion syndrome (also called DiGeorge Syndrome) is a genetic condition that can cause a variety of physical and behavioral problems.

  • Adenoids and Adenoidectomy

    Adenoids trap germs, so sometimes they swell while fighting an infection. If they get infected, tonsils and adenoids might be removed in a surgery at the same time.

  • Anotia

    Anotia is when a baby’s ear doesn’t form normally, so the baby is born with the outer part of their ear missing.

  • Antegrade Continence Enema (ACE)

    An antegrade continence enema, or ACE, is a different way to give an enema. Enemas can help someone poop if they become constipated or have another problem moving their bowels.

  • Atrioventricular Canal Defect

    An atrioventricular canal defect (AV canal) is a heart problem in which the center of a baby's heart does not form normally before birth.

  • Aural Atresia

    Aural atresia is a condition that happens before birth in which a baby’s ear canal doesn’t form. It causes hearing loss, but treatments can help most children hear better.

  • Basilar Invagination

    Basilar invagination is when the top of the spine pushes up into the base of the skull. It causes pinching and pressing on the brain stem.

  • Circumcision

    You have a decision to make before you take your newborn son home: whether to circumcise him. Before deciding, talk to your doctor and consider the issues.

  • Cleft Lip

    A cleft lip is when a baby's lip doesn't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids can have surgery to repair one early in life.

  • Cleft Palate

    A cleft palate is when a baby is born with a cleft (gap) in the roof of the mouth. Most kids can have surgery to repair them early in life.

  • Cleft Palate With Cleft Lip

    A cleft palate with a cleft lip is when a baby's lip and palate (roof of mouth) don't form properly during pregnancy. Most kids with cleft lip and palate are treated successfully with no lasting problems.

  • Cochlear Implants

    Cochlear implants can help many kids with severe hearing loss. Find out how they work and who can get them.

  • Congestive Heart Failure

    Heart failure is when the heart can’t pump blood the way it should. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is when blood backs up in the heart.

  • Ear Tube Surgery

    Many kids get middle ear infections (otitis media). Doctors may suggest ear tube surgery for those with multiple infections or a hearing loss or speech delay.

  • Epigastric Hernias

    An epigastric hernia is when part of the intestines pushes through the abdominal muscles between the belly button and the chest. Many are small, cause no symptoms, and don't need treatment.

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)

    When symptoms of heartburn or acid indigestion happen a lot, it could be gastroesophageal reflux (GER). And it can be a problem for kids - even newborns.

  • Halo-Gravity Traction

    Halo-gravity traction is a way to pull the head and spine upward. Doctors use it to treat curvature of the spine and to prepare kids for spinal fusion surgery.

  • Heart Transplant

    If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

  • Hernias

    Hernias are fairly common in kids, and hernia repair is one of the most common pediatric surgeries.

  • Inguinal Hernias

    An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines pushes through an opening in the lower part of the abdomen. Doctors fix these hernias with surgery.

  • Intussusception

    Intussusception is the most common cause of bowel blockages in very young children. Quick treatment can help them recover without lasting problems.

  • Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries

    Levo-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA) is when the positions of the heart's ventricles are reversed. Some people with the condition never need treatment. Others are treated with medicines and surgery.

  • Microtia

    Microtia is when the outside part of the ear smaller than normal and, sometimes, misshapen. Children with microtia usually have normal hearing. If needed, treatments can reshape the ear.

  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

    Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done with smaller incisions (cuts).

  • Myocarditis

    The muscle that makes up the heart is called the myocardium. Myocarditis is when this muscle gets inflamed (swollen).

  • Omphalocele

    A baby born with an omphalocele has an opening where the umbilical cord goes into the belly. Some openings close on their own, but many need treatment, including surgery.

  • Orofacial Clefts

    A cleft is when tissues of the mouth or lip don't form properly when a baby is developing in the womb. The good news is that orofacial clefts are treatable.

  • Short Bowel Syndrome

    Short bowel syndrome happens when the small intestine is too short to fully absorb nutrients as it should. Kids with the condition often need to get nutrition through a special IV into a vein.

  • Sinonasal Tumors

    A sinonasal tumor is a growth in the nose, the space behind the nose, or in the sinuses. The tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).

  • Splenic Sequestration

    Splenic sequestration is when too many blood cells get stuck in the spleen. This medical emergency can happen to people, usually kids, who have sickle cell disease.

  • Stem Cell Transplants

    Stem cells help rebuild a weakened immune system. Stem cell transplants are effective treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer.

  • Submucous Cleft Palate

    In a submucous cleft palate, the muscles of the palate don't form properly, but the tissue that lines the roof of the mouth does. This makes these clefts harder to see.

  • Surgery for Tear Duct Blockage

    Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. Sometimes surgery is done to treat them.

  • The Lymphatic System & Lymphatic Conditions

    The body's lymphatic system keeps fluid levels in balance and defends against infections. But problems can happen. Learn about lymphatic conditions and how they're treated.

  • Tonsillectomy

    A tonsillectomy is surgery to remove the tonsils. It's one of the most common surgeries kids and teens get. Find out more.

  • Treating Indirect Inguinal Hernia (Video)

    An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines slips into the groin (where the belly meets the upper leg) instead of staying in the belly as it should. Doctors fix inguinal (IN-gwuh-nul) hernias with surgery.

  • Umbilical Hernias

    An umbilical hernia shows up as a bump under the belly button. If a hernia doesn't go away by age 4 or 5 or causes problems, doctors may recommend surgery.

  • Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism)

    Shortly before birth, a boy's testicles usually descend into the scrotum. When a testicle doesn't make the move, this is called cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles.

  • Ventricular Assist Device

    A ventricular assist device is a mechanical pump that takes over for the heart and pumps blood. This can give a weak or injured heart time to heal or support someone as they wait for a heart transplant.

  • Anesthesia

    Knowing the basics of anesthesia may help answer your questions and ease some concerns — both yours and your child's.

  • Anesthesia: What to Expect

    Here's a quick look at what may happen before, during, and after your child gets anesthesia.

  • Can Anesthesia Hurt Brain Development?

    Find out what the experts say.

  • Elective Surgery

    Elective surgery means you and the doctor decide when the it will happen. Many elective surgeries are important, potentially life-changing operations. Here's how to plan for them.

  • Epilepsy Surgery

    Epilepsy surgery is an operation done on the brain to reduce or stop seizures.

  • Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube)

    Some kids have medical problems that prevent them from being able to take adequate nutrition by mouth. A gastrostomy tube (also called a G-tube) delivers nutrition directly to the stomach.

  • Giving Opioid Prescription Pain Medicine: What Parents Need to Know

    If your child’s health care provider prescribed a prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid, you probably have many questions about how to use it safely. Get answers here.

  • Heart Transplant

    If your child needs a heart transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, many kids who undergo heart transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

  • Helping Kids Get Ready for Surgery

    Kids who will be having surgery may feel stressed about it. Here's how parents can help them.

  • Laryngoscopy

    Laryngoscopy, a visual exam of the voicebox and airway, can help discover the causes of voice and breathing problems, throat or ear pain, and other bothersome symptoms.

  • Liver Transplant

    If your child needs a liver transplant, you're probably feeling lots of emotions. Fortunately, most kids who have liver transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives.

  • Meatoplasty

    The treatment for meatal stenosis is a simple procedure to make the opening of the meatus bigger called a meatoplasty.

  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

    Minimally invasive surgery is a type of procedure done with smaller incisions (cuts).

  • Preventing Infections When Your Child Has Surgery (Video)

    Learn how to prevent surgical site infections both before and after your child's surgery.

  • Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

    Retinopathy of prematurity, which can happen in premature babies, causes abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Some children will need surgery to prevent vision loss or blindness.

  • Sedation

    Sedation is the use of medicines to help someone relax and not feel pain during a medical procedure.

  • Spinal Fusion Surgery

    A spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that's done to stabilize or straighten the bones in the back. It can help kids and teens with scoliosis.

  • Splenectomies

    A splenectomy is surgery to remove an injured spleen.

  • Treating Gastroschisis - Gastroschisis Silo (Video)

    Gastroschisis is when a baby is born with the intestines, and sometimes other organs, sticking out through a hole in the belly wall near the umbilical cord. A gastroschisis silo allow the intestines to slowly move into the belly.

  • Treating Indirect Inguinal Hernia (Video)

    An inguinal hernia happens when part of the intestines slips into the groin (where the belly meets the upper leg) instead of staying in the belly as it should. Doctors fix inguinal (IN-gwuh-nul) hernias with surgery.

  • What Is Indocyanine Green (ICG)?

    Indocyanine green (ICG) is a medical dye doctors use to find and help treat problems in certain parts of the body.

  • What Is Informed Consent?

    Informed consent is a legal term that means a person is aware of the facts of a situation (such as a surgical procedure) before agreeing to it.

  • What's a Cochlear Implant? (Video)

    A cochlear implant is a surgically placed device that helps a person with severe hearing loss hear sounds. Doctors consider cochlear implants for children under 12 months of age with profound hearing loss in both ears. Older children with serious hearing loss also may get cochlear implants.

  • What's a Laparoscopic Appendectomy? (Video)

    An appendectomy is surgery to remove the appendix. Surgeons remove the appendix when it gets blocked and becomes infected. A laparoscopic appendectomy lets surgeons remove the appendix with the help of a tiny video camera called a laparoscope.

  • What's a Laryngoscopy? (Video)

    Laryngoscopy is when a doctor uses a special camera to look down the throat to see the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords.

  • What's Ear Tube Surgery (Myringotomy)? (Video)

    A doctor might suggest ear tube surgery if a child gets many ear infections that don't clear up easily or the ear infections seem to be causing hearing loss or speech delay. Ear tube surgery can drain fluid from the middle ear, prevent future infections, and help the child hear properly again.

  • What's Tear Duct Massage (Treating Tear-Duct Blockage)? (Video)

    Blocked tear ducts are a fairly common problem in infants. If your child has a blocked tear duct, your doctor may show you how to massage the eye several times a day at home for a few months. Massaging can help open the blockage.

  • When Your Child's in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

    It can be stressful whenever kids are in the hospital — and even more so when they're admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A basic understanding of the PICU can help you feel better prepared to help your child recover.

  • Wound Healing and Care

    How well a wound heals depends on where it is on the body and what caused it. Good home care is an important part of healing.

What next?

By using this site, you consent to our use of cookies. To learn more, read our privacy policy.